The effect of velocity on rigid wheel performance

A simulation model to predict the effect of velocity on rigid-wheel performance for off-road terrain was examined. The soil–wheel simulation model is based on determining the forces acting on a wheel in steady state conditions. The stress distribution at the interface was analyzed from the instantaneous equilibrium between wheel and soil elements. The soil was presented by its reaction to penetration and shear. The simulation model describes the effect of wheel velocity on the soil–wheel interaction performances such as: wheel sinkage, wheel slip, net tractive ratio, gross traction ratio, tractive efficiency and motion resistance ratio. Simulation results from several soil-wheel configurations corroborate that the effect of velocity should be considered. It was found that wheel performance such as net tractive ratio and tractive efficiency, increases with increasing velocity. Both, relative wheel sinkage and relative free rolling wheel force ratio, decrease as velocity increases. The suggested model improves the performance prediction of off-road operating vehicles and can be used for applications such as controlling and improving off-road vehicle performance.     

A highly redundant coordinate formulation for constrained rigid bodies

The paper presents a formulation for the dynamic analysis of rigid multibodies. An introductory part carries out the kinematic analysis and the definition of the highly redundant differential framework along with the choice of unknowns and equations. From the differential formulation the variational principles, either in Lagrangian or Hamiltonian form, are developed. The Hamiltonian formulation is then used to develop the numerical approximation by applying the finite element method in time. The application of the method in its multifield form is discussed and a solution algorithm is proposed. Some examples are finally presented in order to verify the effectiveness of the formulation.

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Sommario Il lavoro presenta una formulazione per lo studio della dinamica dei sistemi multicorpo rigidi. Nella parte introduttiva viene svolta l'analisi cinematica e si definisce il quadro differenziale con la scelta delle incognite e delle equazioni. Dalla formulazione differenziale vengono poi sviluppati dei principi variazionali nella forma Lagrangiana ed Hamiltoniana. La formulazione Hamiltoniana é quindi utilizzata per sviluppare l'approssimazione numerica col metodo degli elementi finiti di tempo. Viene discussa l'applicazione del metodo nella forma multi-campo e viene proposto un algoritmo di soluzione. Da ultimo, vengono discussi alcuni esempi per verificare la correttezza della formulazione.

     

A new two-point deformation tensor and its relation to the classical kinematical framework and the stress concept

Starting from the issue of what is the correct form for a Legendre transformation of the strain energy in terms of Eulerian and two-point tensor variables we introduce a new two-point deformation tensor, namely H=(F−F^−T)/2, as a possible deformation measure involving points in two distinct configurations. The Lie derivative of H is work conjugate to the first Piola–Kirchhoff stress tensor P. The deformation measure H leads to straightforward manipulations within a two-point setting such as the derivation of the virtual work equation and its linearization required for finite element implementation. The manipulations are analogous to those used for the Lagrangian and Eulerian frameworks. It is also shown that the Legendre transformation in terms of two-point tensors and spatial tensors require Lie derivatives. As an illustrative example we propose a simple Saint Venant–Kirchhoff type of a strain-energy function in terms of H. The constitutive model leads to physically meaningful results also for the large compressive strain domain, which is not the case for the classical Saint Venant–Kirchhoff material.     

自紧身管临界裂纹尺寸的概率断裂力学研究

基于概率断裂力学理论和Mome Caflo模拟方法，本文进行了自紧身管临界裂纹尺寸的可靠性研究。自紧身管内表面的疲劳裂纹考虑为半椭圆形式。裂纹尖端处的应力强度因子由内压和自紧残余应力共同产生。自紧残余应力采用了符合身管材料具有强化和包辛格效应性能推导的公式计算，它产生的应力强度因子通过权函数方法得到。根据断裂准则，可计算出自紧身管的临界裂纹尺寸。实例分析表明，对数正态分布为临界裂纹尺寸的最佳分布，同时给出了在各种置信度和可靠度下自紧身管的临界裂纹尺寸。     

Insight into the physics of foam densification via numerical simulation

Foamed materials are increasingly finding application in engineering systems on account of their unique properties. The basic mechanics which gives rise to these properties is well established, they are the result of collapsing the foam microstructure. Despite a basic understanding, the relationship between the details of foam microstructure and foam bulk response is generally unknown. With continued advances in computational power, many researchers have turned to numerical simulation to gain insight into the relationship between foam microstructure and bulk properties. However, numerical simulation of foam microscale deformation is a very challenging computational task and, to date, simulations over the full range of bulk deformations in which these materials operate have not been reported. Here a particle technique is demonstrated to be well-suited for this computational challenge, permitting simulation of the compression of foam microstructures to full densification. Computations on idealized foam microstructures are in agreement with engineering guidelines and various experimental results. Dependencies on degree of microstructure regularity and material properties are demonstrated. A surprising amount of porosity is found in fully-densified foams. The presence of residual porosity can strongly influence dynamic material response and hence needs to be accounted for in bulk (average) constitutive models of these materials.     

Constitutive equations for martensitic reorientation and detwinning in shape-memory alloys

A crystal-inelasticity-based constitutive model for martensitic reorientation and detwinning in shape-memory alloys (SMAs) has been developed from basic thermodynamics principles. The model has been implemented in a finite-element program by writing a user-material subroutine. We perform two sets of finite-element simulations to model the behavior of polycrystalline SMAs: (1) The full finite-element model where each finite element represents a collection of martensitic microstructures which originated from within an austenite single crystal, chosen from a set of crystal orientations that approximates the initial austentic crystallographic texture. The macroscopic stress-strain responses are calculated as volume averages over the entire aggregate: (2) The Taylor model (J. Inst. Metals 62 (1938) 32) where an integration point in a finite element represents a material point which consist of sets of martensitic microstructures which originated from within respective austenite single-crystals. Here the macroscopic stress-strain responses are calculated through a homogenization scheme.Experiments in tension and compression were conducted on textured polycrystalline Ti-Ni rod initially in the martensitic phase by Xie et al (Acta Mater. 46 (1998) 1989). The material parameters for the constitutive model were calibrated by fitting the tensile stress-strain response from a full finite-element calculation of a polycrystalline aggregate to the simple tension experiment. With the material parameters calibrated the predicted stress-strain curve for simple compression is in very good accord with the corresponding experiment. By comparing the simulated stress-strain response in simple tension and simple compression it is shown that the constitutive model is able to predict the observed tension-compression asymmetry exhibited by polycrystalline Ti-Ni to good accuracy. Furthermore, our calculations also show that the macroscopic stress-strain response depends strongly on the initial martensitic microstructure and crystallographic texture of the material.We also show that the Taylor model predicts the macroscopic stress-strain curves in simple tension and simple compression reasonably well. Therefore, it may be used as a relatively inexpensive computational tool for the design of components made from shape-memory materials.     

Adhesion and friction of an elastic half-space in contact with a slightly wavy rigid surface

The paper deals with the estimation of the pressure distribution, the shape of contact and the friction force at the interface of a flat soft elastic solid moving on a rigid half-space with a slightly wavy surface. In this case an unsymmetrical contact is considered and justified with the adhesion hysteresis. For soft solids as rubber and polymers the friction originates mainly from two different contributions: the internal friction due to the viscoelastic properties of the bulk and the adhesive processes at the interface of the two solids. In the paper the authors focus on the latter contribution to friction. It is known, indeed, that for soft solids, as rubber, the adhesion hysteresis is, at least qualitatively, related to friction: the larger the adhesion hysteresis the larger the friction. Several mechanisms may govern the adhesion hysteresis, such as the interdigitation process between the polymer chains, the local small-scale viscoelasticity or the local elastic instabilities. In the paper the authors propose a model to link, from the continuum mechanics point of view, the friction to the adhesion hysteresis. A simple one-length scale roughness model is considered having a sinusoidal profile. For partial contact conditions the detached zone is taken to be a mode I propagating crack. Due to the adhesion hysteresis, the crack is affected by two different values of the strain energy release rate at the advancing and receding edges respectively. As a result, an unsymmetrical contact and a friction force arise. Additionally, the stability of the equilibrium configurations is discussed and the adherence force for jumping out of contact and the critical load for snapping into full contact are estimated.     

Uniqueness in the water-wave problem for bodies intersecting the free surface at arbitrary anglesL'unicité du problème des ondes de surface pour les corps qui intersectent la surface libre sous des angles arbitraires

This Note deals with the linearized water-wave problem involving a surface-piercing cylinder in water of infinite depth. A solution to this problem is proved to be unique for all values of the radian frequency when the cylinder intersecting the free surface at arbitrary angles is subjected to certain geometric arrangements. To cite this article: N. Kuznetsov, C. R. Mecanique 332 (2004).     

Validation of averaged equations for thermal vibrational convection in near-critical fluidsValidation d'équations moyennées pour l'étude de la convection vibrationnelle dans les fluides supercritiques.

Within an averaging approach, the governing equations and effective boundary conditions describing both the average and pulsation motion of a near-critical fluid subjected to high-frequency vibrations are obtained. Vibrations induce the non-homogeneities in average temperature. Owing to these non-homogeneities, the average flows can be generated even in isothermal cavity under weightlessness. These flows are examined for 1D and 2D configurations. The direct numerical simulations fulfilled earlier confirm the averaged model, we obtain the same flow structures by essentially smaller requirements for computational time. To cite this article: A.Vorobev et al., C. R. Mecanique 332 (2004).     

双周期裂纹压电材料反平面剪切问题断裂力学分析

研究压电材料双周期裂纹反平面剪切与平面电场作用的问题．运用复变函数方法，获得了该问题严格的闭合解，并由此给出了裂纹尖端应力强度因子和电位移强度因子的精确公式．数值算例显示了裂纹分布特征对材料断裂行为的重要影响．叠间小裂纹能够对主裂纹的应力和电位移场起着屏蔽作用，相反行间小裂纹却起着放大作用，至于钻石形分布裂纹的影响规律则更为复杂．对于某些特殊情形给予了解答并导出一系列有意义的结果。